.\" $OpenBSD: lh_new.3,v 1.9 2022/03/31 17:27:17 naddy Exp $ .\" full merge up to: .\" OpenSSL doc/crypto/lhash.pod 1bc74519 May 20 08:11:46 2016 -0400 .\" selective merge up to: .\" OpenSSL doc/man3/OPENSSL_LH_COMPFUNC.pod 24a535ea Sep 22 13:14:20 2020 +0100 .\" .\" -------------------------------------------------------------------------- .\" Major patches to this file were contributed by .\" Ulf Moeller , Geoff Thorpe , .\" and Ben Laurie . .\" -------------------------------------------------------------------------- .\" Copyright (c) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2008, 2009 The OpenSSL Project. .\" All rights reserved. .\" .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions .\" are met: .\" .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. .\" .\" 2. 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IN NO EVENT SHALL THE OpenSSL PROJECT OR .\" ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, .\" SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT .\" NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; .\" LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, .\" STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) .\" ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED .\" OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. .\" .\" -------------------------------------------------------------------------- .\" Parts of this file are derived from SSLeay documentation, .\" which is covered by the following Copyright and license: .\" -------------------------------------------------------------------------- .\" .\" Copyright (C) 1995-1998 Tim Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com) .\" All rights reserved. .\" .\" This package is an SSL implementation written .\" by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com). .\" The implementation was written so as to conform with Netscapes SSL. .\" .\" This library is free for commercial and non-commercial use as long as .\" the following conditions are aheared to. The following conditions .\" apply to all code found in this distribution, be it the RC4, RSA, .\" lhash, DES, etc., code; not just the SSL code. The SSL documentation .\" included with this distribution is covered by the same copyright terms .\" except that the holder is Tim Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com). .\" .\" Copyright remains Eric Young's, and as such any Copyright notices in .\" the code are not to be removed. .\" If this package is used in a product, Eric Young should be given .\" attribution as the author of the parts of the library used. .\" This can be in the form of a textual message at program startup or .\" in documentation (online or textual) provided with the package. .\" .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions .\" are met: .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. .\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software .\" must display the following acknowledgement: .\" "This product includes cryptographic software written by .\" Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)" .\" The word 'cryptographic' can be left out if the rouines from the .\" library being used are not cryptographic related :-). .\" 4. If you include any Windows specific code (or a derivative thereof) .\" from the apps directory (application code) you must include an .\" acknowledgement: "This product includes software written by .\" Tim Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com)" .\" .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY ERIC YOUNG ``AS IS'' AND .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF .\" SUCH DAMAGE. .\" .\" The licence and distribution terms for any publically available version or .\" derivative of this code cannot be changed. i.e. this code cannot simply be .\" copied and put under another distribution licence .\" [including the GNU Public Licence.] .\" .Dd $Mdocdate: March 31 2022 $ .Dt LH_NEW 3 .Os .Sh NAME .Nm lh_new , .Nm lh_free , .Nm lh_insert , .Nm lh_delete , .Nm lh_retrieve , .Nm lh_doall , .Nm lh_doall_arg , .Nm lh_error , .Nm LHASH_COMP_FN_TYPE , .Nm LHASH_HASH_FN_TYPE , .Nm LHASH_DOALL_FN_TYPE , .Nm LHASH_DOALL_ARG_FN_TYPE , .Nm lh_strhash .Nd dynamic hash table .Sh SYNOPSIS .In openssl/lhash.h .Fn DECLARE_LHASH_OF .Ft LHASH * .Fn lh__new void .Ft void .Fo lh__free .Fa "LHASH_OF() *table" .Fc .Ft * .Fo lh__insert .Fa "LHASH_OF() *table" .Fa " *data" .Fc .Ft * .Fo lh__delete .Fa "LHASH_OF() *table" .Fa " *data" .Fc .Ft * .Fo lh__retrieve .Fa "LHASH_OF() *table" .Fa " *data" .Fc .Ft void .Fo lh__doall .Fa "LHASH_OF() *table" .Fa "LHASH_DOALL_FN_TYPE func" .Fc .Ft void .Fo lh__doall_arg .Fa "LHASH_OF() *table" .Fa "LHASH_DOALL_ARG_FN_TYPE func" .Fa "" .Fa " *arg" .Fc .Ft int .Fo lh__error .Fa "LHASH_OF() *table" .Fc .Ft typedef int .Fo (*LHASH_COMP_FN_TYPE) .Fa "const void *" .Fa "const void *" .Fc .Ft typedef unsigned long .Fo (*LHASH_HASH_FN_TYPE) .Fa "const void *" .Fc .Ft typedef void .Fo (*LHASH_DOALL_FN_TYPE) .Fa "const void *" .Fc .Ft typedef void .Fo (*LHASH_DOALL_ARG_FN_TYPE) .Fa "const void *" .Fa "const void *" .Fc .Ft unsigned long .Fo lh_strhash .Fa "const char *c" .Fc .Sh DESCRIPTION This library implements type-checked dynamic hash tables. The hash table entries can be arbitrary structures. Usually they consist of key and value fields. .Pp .Fn lh__new creates a new .Vt LHASH_OF() structure to store arbitrary data entries, and provides the hash and compare callbacks to be used in organising the table's entries. The hash callback takes a pointer to a table entry as its argument and returns an unsigned long hash value for its key field. The hash value is normally truncated to a power of 2, so make sure that your hash function returns well mixed low order bits. The compare callback takes two arguments (pointers to two hash table entries), and returns 0 if their keys are equal, non-zero otherwise. If your hash table will contain items of some particular type and the hash and compare callbacks hash and compare these types, then the .Fn DECLARE_LHASH_HASH_FN and .Fn IMPLEMENT_LHASH_COMP_FN macros can be used to create callback wrappers of the prototypes required by .Fn lh__new . These provide per-variable casts before calling the type-specific callbacks written by the application author. These macros, as well as those used for the doall callbacks, are defined as; .Bd -literal -offset 2n #define DECLARE_LHASH_HASH_FN(name, o_type) \e unsigned long name##_LHASH_HASH(const void *); #define IMPLEMENT_LHASH_HASH_FN(name, o_type) \e unsigned long name##_LHASH_HASH(const void *arg) { \e const o_type *a = arg; \e return name##_hash(a); } #define LHASH_HASH_FN(name) name##_LHASH_HASH #define DECLARE_LHASH_COMP_FN(name, o_type) \e int name##_LHASH_COMP(const void *, const void *); #define IMPLEMENT_LHASH_COMP_FN(name, o_type) \e int name##_LHASH_COMP(const void *arg1, const void *arg2) { \e const o_type *a = arg1; \e const o_type *b = arg2; \e return name##_cmp(a,b); } #define LHASH_COMP_FN(name) name##_LHASH_COMP #define DECLARE_LHASH_DOALL_FN(name, o_type) \e void name##_LHASH_DOALL(void *); #define IMPLEMENT_LHASH_DOALL_FN(name, o_type) \e void name##_LHASH_DOALL(void *arg) { \e o_type *a = arg; \e name##_doall(a); } #define LHASH_DOALL_FN(name) name##_LHASH_DOALL #define DECLARE_LHASH_DOALL_ARG_FN(name, o_type, a_type) \e void name##_LHASH_DOALL_ARG(void *, void *); #define IMPLEMENT_LHASH_DOALL_ARG_FN(name, o_type, a_type) \e void name##_LHASH_DOALL_ARG(void *arg1, void *arg2) { \e o_type *a = arg1; \e a_type *b = arg2; \e name##_doall_arg(a, b); } #define LHASH_DOALL_ARG_FN(name) name##_LHASH_DOALL_ARG .Ed .Pp An example of a hash table storing (pointers to) structures of type \&'STUFF' could be defined as follows; .Bd -literal -offset 2n /* Calculate the hash value of 'tohash' (implemented elsewhere) */ unsigned long STUFF_hash(const STUFF *tohash); /* Order 'arg1' and 'arg2' (implemented elsewhere) */ int stuff_cmp(const STUFF *arg1, const STUFF *arg2); /* Create type-safe wrapper functions for use in the LHASH internals */ static IMPLEMENT_LHASH_HASH_FN(stuff, STUFF); static IMPLEMENT_LHASH_COMP_FN(stuff, STUFF); /* ... */ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { /* Create the new hash table using the hash/compare wrappers */ LHASH_OF(STUFF) *hashtable = lh_STUFF_new(LHASH_HASH_FN(STUFF_hash), LHASH_COMP_FN(STUFF_cmp)); /* ... */ } .Ed .Pp .Fn lh__free frees the .Vt LHASH_OF() structure .Fa table . Allocated hash table entries will not be freed; consider using .Fn lh__doall to deallocate any remaining entries in the hash table (see below). .Pp .Fn lh__insert inserts the structure pointed to by .Fa data into .Fa table . If there already is an entry with the same key, the old value is replaced. Note that .Fn lh__insert stores pointers, the data are not copied. .Pp .Fn lh__delete deletes an entry from .Fa table . .Pp .Fn lh__retrieve looks up an entry in .Fa table . Normally, .Fa data is a structure with the key field(s) set; the function will return a pointer to a fully populated structure. .Pp .Fn lh__doall will, for every entry in the hash table, call .Fa func with the data item as its parameter. For .Fn lh__doall and .Fn lh__doall_arg , function pointer casting should be avoided in the callbacks (see .Sx NOTES ) \(em instead use the declare/implement macros to create type-checked wrappers that cast variables prior to calling your type-specific callbacks. An example of this is illustrated here where the callback is used to cleanup resources for items in the hash table prior to the hashtable itself being deallocated: .Bd -literal -offset 2n /* Clean up resources belonging to 'a' (this is implemented elsewhere) */ void STUFF_cleanup_doall(STUFF *a); /* Implement a prototype-compatible wrapper for "STUFF_cleanup" */ IMPLEMENT_LHASH_DOALL_FN(STUFF_cleanup, STUFF) /* ... then later in the code ... */ /* So to run "STUFF_cleanup" against all items in a hash table ... */ lh_STUFF_doall(hashtable, LHASH_DOALL_FN(STUFF_cleanup)); /* Then the hash table itself can be deallocated */ lh_STUFF_free(hashtable); .Ed .Pp When doing this, be careful if you delete entries from the hash table in your callbacks: the table may decrease in size, moving the item that you are currently on down lower in the hash table \(em this could cause some entries to be skipped during the iteration. The second best solution to this problem is to set hash->down_load=0 before you start (which will stop the hash table ever decreasing in size). The best solution is probably to avoid deleting items from the hash table inside a doall callback! .Pp .Fn lh__doall_arg is the same as .Fn lh__doall except that .Fa func will be called with .Fa arg as the second argument and .Fa func should be of type .Vt LHASH_DOALL_ARG_FN_TYPE (a callback prototype that is passed both the table entry and an extra argument). As with .Fn lh__doall , you can instead choose to declare your callback with a prototype matching the types you are dealing with and use the declare/implement macros to create compatible wrappers that cast variables before calling your type-specific callbacks. An example of this is demonstrated here (printing all hash table entries to a BIO that is provided by the caller): .Bd -literal -offset 2n /* Print item 'a' to 'output_bio' (this is implemented elsewhere) */ void STUFF_print_doall_arg(const STUFF *a, BIO *output_bio); /* Implement a prototype-compatible wrapper for "STUFF_print" */ static IMPLEMENT_LHASH_DOALL_ARG_FN(STUFF, const STUFF, BIO) /* ... then later in the code ... */ /* Print out the entire hashtable to a particular BIO */ lh_STUFF_doall_arg(hashtable, LHASH_DOALL_ARG_FN(STUFF_print), BIO, logging_bio); .Ed .Pp .Fn lh__error can be used to determine if an error occurred in the last operation. .Fn lh__error is a macro. .Sh RETURN VALUES .Fn lh__new returns .Dv NULL on error, otherwise a pointer to the new .Vt LHASH structure. .Pp When a hash table entry is replaced, .Fn lh__insert returns the value being replaced. .Dv NULL is returned on normal operation and on error. .Pp .Fn lh__delete returns the entry being deleted. .Dv NULL is returned if there is no such value in the hash table. .Pp .Fn lh__retrieve returns the hash table entry if it has been found, or .Dv NULL otherwise. .Pp .Fn lh__error returns 1 if an error occurred in the last operation, or 0 otherwise. .Sh NOTES The various LHASH macros and callback types exist to make it possible to write type-checked code without resorting to function-prototype casting \(em an evil that makes application code much harder to audit/verify and also opens the window of opportunity for stack corruption and other hard-to-find bugs. It also, apparently, violates ANSI-C. .Pp The LHASH code regards table entries as constant data. As such, it internally represents .Fn lh__insert Ap ed items with a .Vt const void * pointer type. This is why callbacks such as those used by .Fn lh__doall and .Fn lh__doall_arg declare their prototypes with "const", even for the parameters that pass back the table items' data pointers \(em for consistency, user-provided data is "const" at all times as far as the LHASH code is concerned. However, as callers are themselves providing these pointers, they can choose whether they too should be treating all such parameters as constant. .Pp As an example, a hash table may be maintained by code that, for reasons of encapsulation, has only "const" access to the data being indexed in the hash table (i.e. it is returned as "const" from elsewhere in their code) \(em in this case the LHASH prototypes are appropriate as-is. Conversely, if the caller is responsible for the life-time of the data in question, then they may well wish to make modifications to table item passed back in the .Fn lh__doall or .Fn lh__doall_arg callbacks (see the "STUFF_cleanup" example above). If so, the caller can either cast the "const" away (if they're providing the raw callbacks themselves) or use the macros to declare/implement the wrapper functions without "const" types. .Pp Callers that only have "const" access to data they are indexing in a table, yet declare callbacks without constant types (or cast the "const" away themselves), are therefore creating their own risks/bugs without being encouraged to do so by the API. On a related note, those auditing code should pay special attention to any instances of DECLARE/IMPLEMENT_LHASH_DOALL_[ARG_]_FN macros that provide types without any "const" qualifiers. .Sh INTERNALS The following description is based on the SSLeay documentation: .Pp The lhash library implements a hash table described in the .Em Communications of the ACM in 1991. What makes this hash table different is that as the table fills, the hash table is increased (or decreased) in size via .Xr reallocarray 3 . When a 'resize' is done, instead of all hashes being redistributed over twice as many 'buckets', one bucket is split. So when an 'expand' is done, there is only a minimal cost to redistribute some values. Subsequent inserts will cause more single 'bucket' redistributions but there will never be a sudden large cost due to redistributing all the \&'buckets'. .Pp The state for a particular hash table is kept in the .Vt LHASH structure. The decision to increase or decrease the hash table size is made depending on the 'load' of the hash table. The load is the number of items in the hash table divided by the size of the hash table. The default values are as follows. If (hash->up_load < load) => expand. If (hash->down_load > load) => contract. The .Fa up_load has a default value of 1 and .Fa down_load has a default value of 2. These numbers can be modified by the application by just playing with the .Fa up_load and .Fa down_load variables. The 'load' is kept in a form which is multiplied by 256. So hash->up_load=8*256 will cause a load of 8 to be set. .Pp If you are interested in performance, the field to watch is .Fa num_comp_calls . The hash library keeps track of the 'hash' value for each item so when a lookup is done, the 'hashes' are compared, if there is a match, then a full compare is done, and hash->num_comp_calls is incremented. If num_comp_calls is not equal to num_delete plus num_retrieve, it means that your hash function is generating hashes that are the same for different values. It is probably worth changing your hash function if this is the case because even if your hash table has 10 items in a 'bucket', it can be searched with 10 .Vt unsigned long compares and 10 linked list traverses. This will be much less expensive that 10 calls to your compare function. .Pp .Fn lh_strhash is a demo string hashing function. Since the LHASH routines would normally be passed structures, this routine would not normally be passed to .Fn lh__new , rather it would be used in the function passed to .Fn lh__new . .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr crypto 3 , .Xr lh_stats 3 .Sh HISTORY .Fn lh_new , .Fn lh_free , .Fn lh_insert , .Fn lh_delete , .Fn lh_retrieve , .Fn lh_doall , and .Fn lh_strhash appeared in SSLeay 0.4 or earlier. .Fn lh_doall_arg first appeared in SSLeay 0.5.1. These functions have been available since .Ox 2.4 . .Pp .Fn lh__error was added in SSLeay 0.9.1b. .Pp In OpenSSL 0.9.7, all lhash functions that were passed function pointers were changed for better type safety, and the function types .Vt LHASH_COMP_FN_TYPE , .Vt LHASH_HASH_FN_TYPE , .Vt LHASH_DOALL_FN_TYPE , and .Vt LHASH_DOALL_ARG_FN_TYPE became available. .Pp In OpenSSL 1.0.0, the lhash interface was revamped for even better type checking. .Sh BUGS .Fn lh__insert returns .Dv NULL both for success and error.